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Understanding neurofeedback with Peak Brain Institute founder Dr Andrew Hill

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Episode Summary

Neurofeedback: Training Your Brain Like a Personal Trainer for Your Mind

Insights from Dr. Andrew Hill on transforming executive function, overcoming trauma, and optimizing performance through direct brain training

You've probably heard about neurofeedback, but chances are what you've heard doesn't capture what actually happens when you train your brain directly. After 25 years and over 25,000 brain maps, I can tell you this: neurofeedback isn't some fringe therapy—it's personal training for neural circuits. And the transformations I've witnessed challenge everything most people think they know about what's possible with brain change.

The Executive Function Revolution

Let me start with something concrete: executive function difficulties. Whether it's ADHD, post-concussion brain fog, or just the scattered attention that comes with modern life, these issues share common neural signatures. When you look at the brain patterns, you see specific circuit dysfunctions—usually involving the frontoparietal attention networks and thalamocortical regulatory systems.

Here's what the data shows: every 25 sessions of targeted neurofeedback produces about one standard deviation of improvement in executive function measures. That's not subtle change—that's moving someone from the 16th percentile to the 50th percentile, or from the 50th to the 84th percentile on standardized tests.

I'm working with NHL player Connor Carrick right now (he's been public about his neurofeedback training). He came in with that classic athlete pattern: exceptional performance under high pressure, but struggling with sustained attention in low-stimulation environments. Add some concussion-related issues on top of that, and you've got a brain that's both hypervigilant and easily fatigued.

The protocol targets specific frequencies to strengthen thalamocortical inhibition—essentially training the brain's ability to filter relevant from irrelevant information. Three to four sessions per week for about three months, and you can typically move someone up two to three standard deviations across executive function domains.

Rebuilding After Damage: The Alcoholic's Brain

But here's where it gets really interesting—you can rebuild function after significant damage. I had a client, a 45-year-old alcoholic, who came to me 45 days sober but completely wrecked neurologically. Picture this: 6'5", 300 pounds, bright orange from liver failure, shaking, couldn't stop talking, couldn't sit still, couldn't sleep.

His brain map told the story: hypercoherent beta waves pushed up to maximum amplitude, with completely absent delta waves. This is classic post-alcoholic hyperarousal—the nervous system stuck in permanent overdrive after years of chemical suppression. Even 10 years after sobriety, you can see this pattern in people who were daily drinkers for a decade or more.

The mechanism here involves retraining the thalamocortical regulatory circuits that control arousal and sleep spindle generation. We targeted SMR (sensorimotor rhythm, 12-15 Hz) training to rebuild the brain's ability to shift into restorative states.

Six weeks later, he showed up at my office and fell asleep in the waiting room—on purpose. He'd called that morning asking if he could come in early just to prove he could now fall asleep at will. This is a man who couldn't sleep even with Thorazine in the hospital.

Seizures and Severe Developmental Issues

The most dramatic case that made me realize the true potential of this work involved a 10-year-old girl with a genetic protein folding disorder. She was having drop seizures—sudden, complete loss of consciousness—more than once per minute. Her parents hadn't slept deeply in 10 years.

The mechanism with seizures involves training specific frequency bands that strengthen cortical inhibition and reduce hyperexcitability. It took us about three weeks to find the right protocol, but once we did, her seizures dropped from over 60 per hour to less than one per hour within two weeks.

What happened next was equally remarkable: with the seizures under control, her development accelerated. More eye contact, increased language, better social engagement. When the brain isn't constantly interrupted by seizure activity, it can allocate resources to higher-level functions.

The CEO Transformation

On the other end of the spectrum, I work with many high-performing CEOs who come in wanting optimization but discover they need regulation first. The typical pattern: high baseline arousal, poor sleep, anxiety masked as drive, and a kind of brittle intensity that works until it doesn't.

These brains usually show excessive beta activity, particularly in frontal regions, with inadequate alpha regulation. The training focuses on building alpha coherence and SMR stability—essentially teaching the brain how to shift gears between activation and recovery.

The real validation comes from their partners. I regularly get calls or letters from spouses saying things like, "Whatever you're doing, do more. He brought me flowers today and actually talked about how he was feeling."

The Neuroplasticity Revolution

Here's what's happening at the circuit level: neurofeedback provides direct feedback about neural oscillations, allowing the brain to adjust its own activity patterns. This isn't about learning new behaviors—it's about changing the fundamental rhythms that organize neural communication.

Recent research by Ghaziri and colleagues (2013) using structural MRI shows that neurofeedback actually changes both gray and white matter structure. The effect sizes are substantial—comparable to what you see with pharmacological interventions, but without the side effects.

The mechanism involves experience-dependent plasticity at the synaptic level. When you reinforce specific frequency patterns, you're strengthening the neural circuits that generate those patterns. It's Hebbian plasticity in action: "neurons that fire together, wire together."

Beyond Pathology: The Resource Model

This brings me to a crucial point about how I approach this work. I don't think in terms of diagnoses or disorders—I think in terms of neural resources. ADHD isn't a disease; it's a pattern of attention regulation that works exceptionally well in high-stimulation environments and poorly in low-stimulation ones.

When you explain to someone how their brain actually works—where the strengths are, where the bottlenecks are, and how the circuits interact—you give them agency. Instead of being a patient with a disorder, they become someone with a particular neural configuration who can train specific resources.

I had a high school student whose father was convinced he'd never succeed in college. Classic ADHD presentation, couldn't manage basic life tasks, barely passing his classes. But when I mapped his brain, I found strong resources for high-pressure performance alongside weaknesses in sustained attention and working memory.

I explained the neurotype: exceptional under high stimulus, drifty under low stimulus, with some specific sleep-related processing issues. Didn't hear from them after that session. Two and a half years later, the father called to thank me. Just understanding how his brain worked—that it wasn't broken, just different—had been transformative. The kid was thriving in college.

The Agency Factor

This gets to something fundamental about neurofeedback: it returns agency to the individual. Instead of being dependent on someone else's expertise and labels, you get real-time data about your own brain state. You learn to recognize patterns, test interventions, and validate results.

It breaks the mystery where someone else is the expert about your own internal experience. You become the person who validates your judgment about your brain, tries interventions, watches them work (or not), and iterates based on direct feedback.

Motor Recovery and Beyond

The plasticity isn't limited to cognitive and emotional regulation. I've seen remarkable motor recovery as well. A woman in her 70s with a brain injury came in with her arm locked up from spasticity and significant balance issues requiring a cane.

After several weeks of training sensorimotor cortex rhythms, her physical therapist called me: "What are you doing? She walked in without her cane today." A few days later, she came to our office with her arm completely relaxed.

The mechanism involves retraining the circuits that control motor inhibition. When you lose part of motor cortex, you lose the ability to properly inhibit muscle activation. By training SMR over sensorimotor areas, you can rebuild some of that regulatory control.

The Science and the Art

What makes neurofeedback work is the combination of precise measurement with individualized training. Every brain is different—different anatomy, different patterns, different optimal frequencies. The art is in reading the patterns and designing protocols that target the specific circuits that need training.

The science is in understanding the mechanisms: thalamocortical regulation, frontoparietal attention networks, default mode network connectivity, hemispheric integration, and frequency-specific effects on neural communication.

Looking Forward

After decades of this work, I'm convinced we're just scratching the surface of what's possible with direct brain training. The technology keeps improving, our understanding of circuits keeps deepening, and the applications keep expanding.

But the core insight remains the same: your brain is trainable. The circuits that generate attention, emotion regulation, sleep, creativity, and even motor control can be strengthened through direct feedback training. It's not magic—it's applied neuroplasticity.

The question isn't whether neurofeedback works. The question is: what resources do you want to train, and how do you want to optimize the neural circuits that create your moment-to-moment experience?

Your brain is already changing every day based on what you expose it to. Neurofeedback just makes that process conscious, targeted, and measurable.


Dr. Andrew Hill is a neuroscientist and founder of Peak Brain Institute. He has conducted over 25,000 brain maps and specializes in applied neuroplasticity through neurofeedback training.

Full Transcript
yeah so if somebody's got some difficulty with attention you know it's it's pretty it's a pretty common uh phenomena to have some executive function difficulties you know I'm working with a hockey player right now um who was out of play because of an injury and it was a it was a combination probably of like that that ADHD that athletes have you know they're exceptional on the court or the high pressure but they're not as good under the low as well as some concussion stuff and so we were doing a lot of uh uh work around those features and um his name is Connor Carrick I I can speak of course because he's public about his ner feedback but you can check out some of the pre-post data we shared uh recently um looking at how he was improving his brain over time uh the uh General thing with executive function with ADHD or impulsivity or distractability you tend to get about a standard deviation of change every other month of Nur feedback every 25 sessions roughly you got about a standard deviation across Ross things like ADHD although again not diagnostic the reason you might be impulsive or inattentive could be fatigue or stress or postco brain fog or you know trauma causing sleep issues or a thousand other things but when you measure executive function and then you see classic executive function phenotypes in the brain you go oh okay and then you know generally you can move that person up a couple of standard deviations in the bell curve three months 40 50 sessions of training so this is like three times a week about uh maybe four times a week for half an hour is the is the training and um so I you know I I've worked with so many people thousands and thousands and almost all of them have really strong uh transformation um one thing I want to say is you can do work on both things that are built in kind of and not necessarily a disease process but can get in the way like ADHD or like you know having other quirk key features but you can also rebuild stuff after damage you know I uh one classic story that I love to tell is about a drinker alcoholic that I worked with who came in to the to the office um you know 6 fo5 300 PB bright orange man in liver failure uh shaky nervous couldn't relax couldn't stop talking couldn't couldn't stop moving and he was 45 days medically chaperon we brought to my office from a hospital completely sober but just so over aroused so overactivated from 255 years of having a bottle and a half of wine every afternoon and then more wine out of an and ambian to fall asleep for maybe two hours in the evening and then he'd be back on it the next day and he was just wrecked after years of that and you look at his brain and his brain was hyper coherent in beta highly overc connected beta waves and all his beta was pushed up to 11 uh uh and then his delta waves his resting waves were non-existent so he was just the shaky nervous you know in spite of being a giant hulk of a man you could see through him he was so nervous he was just you know vibrating so much and very classic uh post- alcoholic brain pattern this hyperarousal in the brain of extra beta extra coherent beta and you see it uh even 10 years after somebody sobers up if they've been a daily Drinker for a decade or you know maybe even several years uh so I came into my office about six weeks maybe seven weeks after we started working with him and he's on the couch in the waiting area and he's asleep said oh okay is he here for another visit this week I thought he'd already been a few times oh yeah this he's not here for uh for n feedback he discovered he could fall asleep at will so he called this morning and asked when you came in he came in half an hour earlier and took a nap to prove to you that he can fall asleep now so this is a guy who hadn't fallen asleep at will even in the hospital he had to have Thorazine or how doll or other you know neuroleptics just to knock him out because he was so overactivated in the absence of alcohol after being chronically drunk for some many years so you can rebuild really big damage or you know I had a little girl who was a 10-year-old who had a protein folding disorder that essentially left her with developmental issues that were quite significant um and she had drop seizures you know sudden seizures uh a couple times a minute just just massive seizures then she was back and we trained her brain for about uh maybe the first it took us about two or three weeks to start getting some movement which is not uncommon and then we started getting a sense of how seizures were working and got her thumb on the scale and her seizures dropped over two weeks they went from happening more than once a minute to happening less than once an hour and this is a 10-year-old girl who parent had not slept for 10 years deeply at least her mom had you know and just when somebody's having seizures that often and there's breathing issues and the the kid is not necessarily fully verbal it's very very scary for the parents and parents are wrecked after a decade of that of caring for somebody who is um themselves not sleeping well because of the seizures so getting an hour or two of seizure-free time uh didn't just help this 10-year-old who actually started developing more after that you know had a little more language a little more eye contact which tends to happen you can get some movement in really severe developmental difficulties which is how I discovered this stuff was working autism and then going wait a minute what people are changing we're seeing sensory issues and seizur Dro wait what I didn't think this was possible and that's why I had to get back into it but an academic level but the idea is that you can take a crazy Drinker who's been sober and help them rebuild that damage you can take somebody who's got what would be considered an incurable difficulty like major gen genetic issues or major profound autism and you can actually shape the tissue and you can shape performance and resources or you can take a CEO I I I get this is not an isolated case I get a lot of um thank you notes calls voicemails and surprise letters from the partners of CEOs because CEOs come to me because they want to perform better usually and most of the time you look at their brain and they're high performers who aren't sleeping and kind of anxious kind of driven kind of brittle kind of obsessive it's kind of a you know type A and they work on that successfully and sleep and relax and get some you know some stuff uh moved and then they asked for other you know oh let's what else can we do and I start building in Flow State and creativity work for them and about a week or two later I get the the thank you note or the letter or the voicemail from the wife or the partner saying hey whatever you're doing yeah do do more um we had the best therapy session he brought me flowers um he was talking how he felt today what are you doing over there Peak brain and similarly you know I have I had a physical therapist call me up uh maybe in 2021 uh we've been working with an elder called me up what are you doing my client what do you mean she came in today without her cane okay no no no no what are you doing to her had no idea and when I met her her her um she had a brain injury she was in her 70s and when you lose part of your motor cortex you lose inhibition of the muscle so the arm was up you know pretty tight and one one side and her balance was off on that side she has had to use a cane and I guess she walked in to that uh therapy session without a cane and she came into our office a couple days later with her arm relaxed wow and you know doesn't happen every time like this but so many of the people that we work on have more significant stuff are are coming to us because these are things that don't usually change in conventional Landscapes the allopathic medicine landscape so when you take a personal training and a science and a fitness perspective on resources not diagnoses but the resource you want to work on and you iterate it gives you agency it gives you a hint of what's going on it it breaks that mystery where somebody else is your expert and has the label and knows more about the thing than you do and you become the person who gets to sort of validate your judgment of your own brain try stuff get it to change validate again in more data I mean you can try things that aren't Nur feedback if you see your brain on a brain map I had a a college student or a prospective college student come in about four years ago his dad's like this guy is not gonna thrive in college he can't get out of his own way doesn't do his laundry he's barely passing high school and he got into college I don't know how but like I'm really worried and he's really worried so we look took a look at his brain and his performance and I you know he had some stress and some fatigue but he also had as his classic some pretty strong uh resources for some aspects of executive function not which wasn't well balanced but I explained him how his essentially ADHD worked you know exceptional under high stimulus and drifty under low stimulus and some aspects of his sleep processing that might be impacted and pointed out the actual strengths that were there and what that might mean performance-wise and I thought I did a really good job of explaining why you know here are some resources here's how you work and here's what you can do about it including you know things like neur feedback and other stuff didn't hear from him after that I was surprised because you know it was a really clear you know reading of resources some good benefit right there dad was excited he was excited didn't hear from him till about two and a half years later his dad called me and said hey I just wanted to thank you uh just that looking his brain and talking to him about the fact this wasn't a disease process and here's the strength and here's a bottle link and here's how you can lean in and here's what might work for you everything changed after that he like decided to double down he structured his time he built some hacks he you know he he he got through college in three years he's finishing off right now he's graduating next month wanted to thank you not because we did anything to his brain but because we gave him agency to understand his brain so he could go okay this lever that machine okay okay got it and he learned how to drive and and steer things in the direction he wanted to